An evolutionary perspective on leaf economics: phylogenetics of leaf mass per area in vascular plants
Identifieur interne : 003C12 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 003C11; suivant : 003C13An evolutionary perspective on leaf economics: phylogenetics of leaf mass per area in vascular plants
Auteurs : Olivier Flores [France] ; Eric Garnier [France] ; Ian J. Wright [Australie] ; Peter B. Reich [États-Unis, Australie] ; Simon Pierce [Italie] ; Sandra Dìaz [Argentine] ; Robin J. Pakeman [Royaume-Uni] ; Graciela M. Rusch [Norvège] ; Maud Bernard-Verdier [France] ; Baptiste Testi [France] ; Jan P. Bakker [Pays-Bas] ; Renée M. Bekker [Pays-Bas] ; Bruno E L. Cerabolini [Italie] ; Roberta M. Ceriani [Italie] ; Guillaume Cornu [France] ; Pablo Cruz [France] ; Matthieu Delcamp [France] ; Jiri Dolezal [République tchèque] ; Ove Eriksson [Suède] ; Adeline Fayolle [France] ; Helena Freitas [Portugal] ; Carly Golodets [Israël] ; Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury [France] ; John G. Hodgson [Royaume-Uni] ; Guido Brusa [Italie] ; Michael Kleyer [Allemagne] ; Dieter Kunzmann [Allemagne] ; Sandra Lavorel [France] ; Vasilios P. Papanastasis [Grèce] ; Natalia Pérez-Harguindeguy [Argentine] ; Fernanda Vendramini [Argentine] ; Evan WeiherSource :
- Ecology and Evolution [ 2045-7758 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
In plant leaves, resource use follows a trade-off between rapid resource capture and conservative storage. This “worldwide leaf economics spectrum” consists of a suite of intercorrelated leaf traits, among which leaf mass per area, LMA, is one of the most fundamental as it indicates the cost of leaf construction and light-interception borne by plants. We conducted a broad-scale analysis of the evolutionary history of LMA across a large dataset of 5401 vascular plant species. The phylogenetic signal in LMA displayed low but significant conservatism, that is, leaf economics tended to be more similar among close relatives than expected by chance alone. Models of trait evolution indicated that LMA evolved under weak stabilizing selection. Moreover, results suggest that different optimal phenotypes evolved among large clades within which extremes tended to be selected against. Conservatism in LMA was strongly related to growth form, as were selection intensity and phenotypic evolutionary rates: woody plants showed higher conservatism in relation to stronger stabilizing selection and lower evolutionary rates compared to herbaceous taxa. The evolutionary history of LMA thus paints different evolutionary trajectories of vascular plant species across clades, revealing the coordination of leaf trait evolution with growth forms in response to varying selection regimes.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1087
PubMed: 25165520
PubMed Central: 4130440
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Argentine, Australie, France, Grèce, Israël, Italie, Norvège, Pays-Bas, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, République tchèque, Suède, États-Unis
- Languedoc-Roussillon, Lombardie, Minnesota, Occitanie (région administrative), Trøndelag, Île-de-France
- Milan, Montpellier, Saint–Pierre, Trondheim
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Hodgson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au19"><institution>Department of Archaeology, The University</institution><addr-line>Sheffield, S1 4ET, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Sheffield, S1 4ET</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>S1 4ET</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brusa, Guido" sort="Brusa, Guido" uniqKey="Brusa G" first="Guido" last="Brusa">Guido Brusa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>DBSF, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria</institution><addr-line>Via J.H. Dunant 3, I- 21100, Varese, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Via J.H. Dunant 3, I- 21100, Varese</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Varese</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kleyer, Michael" sort="Kleyer, Michael" uniqKey="Kleyer M" first="Michael" last="Kleyer">Michael Kleyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au20"><institution>Landscape Ecology Group, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 2503, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>P.O. Box 2503, 26111, Oldenburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>26111, Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>26111, Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kunzmann, Dieter" sort="Kunzmann, Dieter" uniqKey="Kunzmann D" first="Dieter" last="Kunzmann">Dieter Kunzmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au20"><institution>Landscape Ecology Group, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 2503, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>P.O. Box 2503, 26111, Oldenburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>26111, Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>26111, Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au21"><institution>Landscape Ecology & Consulting</institution><addr-line>Lerchenstrasse 20, 26215, Wiefelstede, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Lerchenstrasse 20, 26215, Wiefelstede</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>26215, Wiefelstede</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>26215, Wiefelstede</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Wiefelstede</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lavorel, Sandra" sort="Lavorel, Sandra" uniqKey="Lavorel S" first="Sandra" last="Lavorel">Sandra Lavorel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au22"><institution>Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (CNRS UMR 5553) and Station Alpine Joseph Fourier (UMS-UJF-CNRS 2925), Université Joseph Fourier</institution><addr-line>BP 53, F-38042, Grenoble, Cedex 09, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>BP 53, F-38042, Grenoble, Cedex 09</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cedex 09</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Cedex 09</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Papanastasis, Vasilios P" sort="Papanastasis, Vasilios P" uniqKey="Papanastasis V" first="Vasilios P" last="Papanastasis">Vasilios P. Papanastasis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au23"><institution>Laboratory of Rangeland Ecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki</institution><addr-line>54124, Thessaloniki, Greece</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>54124, Thessaloniki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thessaloniki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Harguindeguy, Natalia" sort="Perez Harguindeguy, Natalia" uniqKey="Perez Harguindeguy N" first="Natalia" last="Pérez-Harguindeguy">Natalia Pérez-Harguindeguy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET - UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba</institution><addr-line>Casilla de Correo 495, Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Casilla de Correo 495, Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Córdoba</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vendramini, Fernanda" sort="Vendramini, Fernanda" uniqKey="Vendramini F" first="Fernanda" last="Vendramini">Fernanda Vendramini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET - UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba</institution><addr-line>Casilla de Correo 495, Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Casilla de Correo 495, Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Córdoba</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weiher, Evan" sort="Weiher, Evan" uniqKey="Weiher E" first="Evan" last="Weiher">Evan Weiher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au24"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire</institution><addr-line>Phillips Hall 353, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 4702-4004</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">4702-4004</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25165520</idno><idno type="pmc">4130440</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4130440</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4130440</idno><idno type="doi">10.1002/ece3.1087</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002439</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002439</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002289</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002289</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001749</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001749</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003635</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003635</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">003522</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">003522</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">003522</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">003522</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001D47</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001D47</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001D47</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">2045-7758:2014:Flores O:an:evolutionary:perspective</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">003C62</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">003C12</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">003C12</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">An evolutionary perspective on leaf economics: phylogenetics of leaf mass per area in vascular plants</title><author><name sortKey="Flores, Olivier" sort="Flores, Olivier" uniqKey="Flores O" first="Olivier" last="Flores">Olivier Flores</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>CNRS, Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175</institution><addr-line>1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>UMR PVMBT, Université de la Réunion, CIRAD</institution><addr-line>7 chemin de l'IRAT, 94710, Saint–Pierre, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>7 chemin de l'IRAT, 94710, Saint–Pierre</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Saint–Pierre</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garnier, Eric" sort="Garnier, Eric" uniqKey="Garnier E" first="Eric" last="Garnier">Eric Garnier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>CNRS, Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175</institution><addr-line>1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Ian J" sort="Wright, Ian J" uniqKey="Wright I" first="Ian J" last="Wright">Ian J. Wright</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University</institution><addr-line>New South Wales, 2109, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>New South Wales, 2109</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>2109</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, Peter B" sort="Reich, Peter B" uniqKey="Reich P" first="Peter B" last="Reich">Peter B. Reich</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Department of Forest Resources and Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota</institution><addr-line>St Paul, Minnesota</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>St Paul</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au5"><institution>Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney</institution><addr-line>Hawkesbury, New South Wales, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Hawkesbury, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New South Wales</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pierce, Simon" sort="Pierce, Simon" uniqKey="Pierce S" first="Simon" last="Pierce">Simon Pierce</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="au6"><institution>Department of Plant Production, University of Milan</institution><addr-line>via Celoria 2, I-20133, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>via Celoria 2, I-20133, Milan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement><region nuts="2">Lombardie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, Sandra" sort="Diaz, Sandra" uniqKey="Diaz S" first="Sandra" last="Dìaz">Sandra Dìaz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET - UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba</institution><addr-line>Casilla de Correo 495, Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Casilla de Correo 495, Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Córdoba</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pakeman, Robin J" sort="Pakeman, Robin J" uniqKey="Pakeman R" first="Robin J" last="Pakeman">Robin J. 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Bakker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au10"><institution>Community and Conservation Ecology Group</institution><addr-line>PO Box 14, 9750, AA Haren, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PO Box 14, 9750, AA Haren</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>AA Haren</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bekker, Renee M" sort="Bekker, Renee M" uniqKey="Bekker R" first="Renée M" last="Bekker">Renée M. Bekker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au10"><institution>Community and Conservation Ecology Group</institution><addr-line>PO Box 14, 9750, AA Haren, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PO Box 14, 9750, AA Haren</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>AA Haren</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cerabolini, Bruno E L" sort="Cerabolini, Bruno E L" uniqKey="Cerabolini B" first="Bruno E L" last="Cerabolini">Bruno E L. Cerabolini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>DBSF, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria</institution><addr-line>Via J.H. Dunant 3, I- 21100, Varese, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Via J.H. 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Ceriani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au12"><institution>Centro Flora Autoctona, c/o Consorzio Parco Monte Barro</institution><addr-line>via Bertarelli 11, I-23851, Galbiate (LC), Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>via Bertarelli 11, I-23851, Galbiate (LC)</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Galbiate (LC)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornu, Guillaume" sort="Cornu, Guillaume" uniqKey="Cornu G" first="Guillaume" last="Cornu">Guillaume Cornu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au13"><institution>UR B&SEF CIRAD, TA C-105/D, Campus International de Baillarguet</institution><addr-line>34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>34398, Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz, Pablo" sort="Cruz, Pablo" uniqKey="Cruz P" first="Pablo" last="Cruz">Pablo Cruz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au14"><institution>INRA UMR 1248 AGIR, Equipe ORPHEE</institution><addr-line>BP 52627 - Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>BP 52627 - Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31326, Castanet-Tolosan</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>31326, Castanet-Tolosan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delcamp, Matthieu" sort="Delcamp, Matthieu" uniqKey="Delcamp M" first="Matthieu" last="Delcamp">Matthieu Delcamp</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au13"><institution>UR B&SEF CIRAD, TA C-105/D, Campus International de Baillarguet</institution><addr-line>34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>34398, Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dolezal, Jiri" sort="Dolezal, Jiri" uniqKey="Dolezal J" first="Jiri" last="Dolezal">Jiri Dolezal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au15"><institution>Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</institution><addr-line>Dukelská 135, CZ-37982, Třeboň, Czech Republic</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Dukelská 135, CZ-37982, Třeboň</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Třeboň</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksson, Ove" sort="Eriksson, Ove" uniqKey="Eriksson O" first="Ove" last="Eriksson">Ove Eriksson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au16"><institution>Department of Botany, Stockholm University</institution><addr-line>Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Stockholm, 106 91</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>106 91</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fayolle, Adeline" sort="Fayolle, Adeline" uniqKey="Fayolle A" first="Adeline" last="Fayolle">Adeline Fayolle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au13"><institution>UR B&SEF CIRAD, TA C-105/D, Campus International de Baillarguet</institution><addr-line>34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>34398, Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freitas, Helena" sort="Freitas, Helena" uniqKey="Freitas H" first="Helena" last="Freitas">Helena Freitas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au17"><institution>Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra</institution><addr-line>Coimbra, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Coimbra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golodets, Carly" sort="Golodets, Carly" uniqKey="Golodets C" first="Carly" last="Golodets">Carly Golodets</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au18"><institution>Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University</institution><addr-line>Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Tel Aviv, 69978</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>69978</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gourlet Fleury, Sylvie" sort="Gourlet Fleury, Sylvie" uniqKey="Gourlet Fleury S" first="Sylvie" last="Gourlet-Fleury">Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au13"><institution>UR B&SEF CIRAD, TA C-105/D, Campus International de Baillarguet</institution><addr-line>34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>34398, Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hodgson, John G" sort="Hodgson, John G" uniqKey="Hodgson J" first="John G" last="Hodgson">John G. Hodgson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au19"><institution>Department of Archaeology, The University</institution><addr-line>Sheffield, S1 4ET, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Sheffield, S1 4ET</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>S1 4ET</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brusa, Guido" sort="Brusa, Guido" uniqKey="Brusa G" first="Guido" last="Brusa">Guido Brusa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>DBSF, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria</institution><addr-line>Via J.H. Dunant 3, I- 21100, Varese, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Via J.H. Dunant 3, I- 21100, Varese</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Varese</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kleyer, Michael" sort="Kleyer, Michael" uniqKey="Kleyer M" first="Michael" last="Kleyer">Michael Kleyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au20"><institution>Landscape Ecology Group, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 2503, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>P.O. Box 2503, 26111, Oldenburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>26111, Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>26111, Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kunzmann, Dieter" sort="Kunzmann, Dieter" uniqKey="Kunzmann D" first="Dieter" last="Kunzmann">Dieter Kunzmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au20"><institution>Landscape Ecology Group, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 2503, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>P.O. Box 2503, 26111, Oldenburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>26111, Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>26111, Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Oldenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au21"><institution>Landscape Ecology & Consulting</institution><addr-line>Lerchenstrasse 20, 26215, Wiefelstede, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Lerchenstrasse 20, 26215, Wiefelstede</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>26215, Wiefelstede</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>26215, Wiefelstede</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Wiefelstede</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lavorel, Sandra" sort="Lavorel, Sandra" uniqKey="Lavorel S" first="Sandra" last="Lavorel">Sandra Lavorel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au22"><institution>Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (CNRS UMR 5553) and Station Alpine Joseph Fourier (UMS-UJF-CNRS 2925), Université Joseph Fourier</institution><addr-line>BP 53, F-38042, Grenoble, Cedex 09, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>BP 53, F-38042, Grenoble, Cedex 09</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cedex 09</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Cedex 09</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Papanastasis, Vasilios P" sort="Papanastasis, Vasilios P" uniqKey="Papanastasis V" first="Vasilios P" last="Papanastasis">Vasilios P. Papanastasis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au23"><institution>Laboratory of Rangeland Ecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki</institution><addr-line>54124, Thessaloniki, Greece</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>54124, Thessaloniki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thessaloniki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Harguindeguy, Natalia" sort="Perez Harguindeguy, Natalia" uniqKey="Perez Harguindeguy N" first="Natalia" last="Pérez-Harguindeguy">Natalia Pérez-Harguindeguy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET - UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba</institution><addr-line>Casilla de Correo 495, Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Casilla de Correo 495, Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Córdoba</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vendramini, Fernanda" sort="Vendramini, Fernanda" uniqKey="Vendramini F" first="Fernanda" last="Vendramini">Fernanda Vendramini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET - UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba</institution><addr-line>Casilla de Correo 495, Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Casilla de Correo 495, Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Córdoba</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weiher, Evan" sort="Weiher, Evan" uniqKey="Weiher E" first="Evan" last="Weiher">Evan Weiher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au24"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire</institution><addr-line>Phillips Hall 353, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 4702-4004</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">4702-4004</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Ecology and Evolution</title><idno type="ISSN">2045-7758</idno><idno type="eISSN">2045-7758</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In plant leaves, resource use follows a trade-off between rapid resource capture and conservative storage. This “worldwide leaf economics spectrum” consists of a suite of intercorrelated leaf traits, among which leaf mass per area, LMA, is one of the most fundamental as it indicates the cost of leaf construction and light-interception borne by plants. We conducted a broad-scale analysis of the evolutionary history of LMA across a large dataset of 5401 vascular plant species. The phylogenetic signal in LMA displayed low but significant conservatism, that is, leaf economics tended to be more similar among close relatives than expected by chance alone. Models of trait evolution indicated that LMA evolved under weak stabilizing selection. Moreover, results suggest that different optimal phenotypes evolved among large clades within which extremes tended to be selected against. Conservatism in LMA was strongly related to growth form, as were selection intensity and phenotypic evolutionary rates: woody plants showed higher conservatism in relation to stronger stabilizing selection and lower evolutionary rates compared to herbaceous taxa. The evolutionary history of LMA thus paints different evolutionary trajectories of vascular plant species across clades, revealing the coordination of leaf trait evolution with growth forms in response to varying selection regimes.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ackerly, Dd" uniqKey="Ackerly D">DD Ackerly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nyffeler, R" uniqKey="Nyffeler R">R Nyffeler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Cl" uniqKey="Anderson C">CL Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bremer, K" uniqKey="Bremer K">K Bremer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Friis, Em" uniqKey="Friis E">EM Friis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bell, Cd" uniqKey="Bell C">CD Bell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, De" uniqKey="Soltis D">DE Soltis</name></author><author><name 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sortKey="Webb, C" uniqKey="Webb C">C Webb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ackerly, D" uniqKey="Ackerly D">D Ackerly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kembel, S" uniqKey="Kembel S">S Kembel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Westoby, M" uniqKey="Westoby M">M Westoby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falster, D" uniqKey="Falster D">D Falster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moles, At" uniqKey="Moles A">AT Moles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vesk, P" uniqKey="Vesk P">P Vesk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Ij" uniqKey="Wright I">IJ Wright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wikstrom, N" uniqKey="Wikstrom N">N Wikström</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kenrick, P" uniqKey="Kenrick P">P Kenrick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wikstrom, N" uniqKey="Wikstrom N">N Wikström</name></author><author><name sortKey="Savolainen, V" uniqKey="Savolainen V">V Savolainen</name></author><author><name sortKey="W Chase, M" uniqKey="W Chase M">M W. Chase</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wright, Ij" uniqKey="Wright I">IJ Wright</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, Pb" uniqKey="Reich P">PB Reich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Westoby, M" uniqKey="Westoby M">M Westoby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ackerly, Dd" uniqKey="Ackerly D">DD Ackerly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baruch, Z" uniqKey="Baruch Z">Z Baruch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bongers, F" uniqKey="Bongers F">F Bongers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zanne, Ae" uniqKey="Zanne A">AE Zanne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tank, Dc" uniqKey="Tank D">DC Tank</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cornwell, Wk" uniqKey="Cornwell W">WK Cornwell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eastman, Jm" uniqKey="Eastman J">JM Eastman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Sa" uniqKey="Smith S">SA Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fitzjohn, Rg" uniqKey="Fitzjohn R">RG FitzJohn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Argentine</li><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>Grèce</li><li>Israël</li><li>Italie</li><li>Norvège</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Portugal</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République tchèque</li><li>Suède</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Languedoc-Roussillon</li><li>Lombardie</li><li>Minnesota</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Trøndelag</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Milan</li><li>Montpellier</li><li>Saint–Pierre</li><li>Trondheim</li></settlement></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Weiher, Evan" sort="Weiher, Evan" uniqKey="Weiher E" first="Evan" last="Weiher">Evan Weiher</name></noCountry><country name="France"><region name="Occitanie (région administrative)"><name sortKey="Flores, Olivier" sort="Flores, Olivier" uniqKey="Flores O" first="Olivier" last="Flores">Olivier Flores</name></region><name sortKey="Bernard Verdier, Maud" sort="Bernard Verdier, Maud" uniqKey="Bernard Verdier M" first="Maud" last="Bernard-Verdier">Maud Bernard-Verdier</name><name sortKey="Cornu, Guillaume" sort="Cornu, Guillaume" uniqKey="Cornu G" first="Guillaume" last="Cornu">Guillaume Cornu</name><name sortKey="Cruz, Pablo" sort="Cruz, Pablo" uniqKey="Cruz P" first="Pablo" last="Cruz">Pablo Cruz</name><name sortKey="Delcamp, Matthieu" sort="Delcamp, Matthieu" uniqKey="Delcamp M" first="Matthieu" last="Delcamp">Matthieu Delcamp</name><name sortKey="Fayolle, Adeline" sort="Fayolle, Adeline" uniqKey="Fayolle A" first="Adeline" last="Fayolle">Adeline Fayolle</name><name sortKey="Flores, Olivier" sort="Flores, Olivier" uniqKey="Flores O" first="Olivier" last="Flores">Olivier Flores</name><name sortKey="Garnier, Eric" sort="Garnier, Eric" uniqKey="Garnier E" first="Eric" last="Garnier">Eric Garnier</name><name sortKey="Gourlet Fleury, Sylvie" sort="Gourlet Fleury, Sylvie" uniqKey="Gourlet Fleury S" first="Sylvie" last="Gourlet-Fleury">Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury</name><name sortKey="Lavorel, Sandra" sort="Lavorel, Sandra" uniqKey="Lavorel S" first="Sandra" last="Lavorel">Sandra Lavorel</name><name sortKey="Testi, Baptiste" sort="Testi, Baptiste" uniqKey="Testi B" first="Baptiste" last="Testi">Baptiste Testi</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wright, Ian J" sort="Wright, Ian J" uniqKey="Wright I" first="Ian J" last="Wright">Ian J. Wright</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Reich, Peter B" sort="Reich, Peter B" uniqKey="Reich P" first="Peter B" last="Reich">Peter B. Reich</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Minnesota"><name sortKey="Reich, Peter B" sort="Reich, Peter B" uniqKey="Reich P" first="Peter B" last="Reich">Peter B. Reich</name></region></country><country name="Italie"><region name="Lombardie"><name sortKey="Pierce, Simon" sort="Pierce, Simon" uniqKey="Pierce S" first="Simon" last="Pierce">Simon Pierce</name></region><name sortKey="Brusa, Guido" sort="Brusa, Guido" uniqKey="Brusa G" first="Guido" last="Brusa">Guido Brusa</name><name sortKey="Cerabolini, Bruno E L" sort="Cerabolini, Bruno E L" uniqKey="Cerabolini B" first="Bruno E L" last="Cerabolini">Bruno E L. Cerabolini</name><name sortKey="Ceriani, Roberta M" sort="Ceriani, Roberta M" uniqKey="Ceriani R" first="Roberta M" last="Ceriani">Roberta M. Ceriani</name></country><country name="Argentine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Diaz, Sandra" sort="Diaz, Sandra" uniqKey="Diaz S" first="Sandra" last="Dìaz">Sandra Dìaz</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Perez Harguindeguy, Natalia" sort="Perez Harguindeguy, Natalia" uniqKey="Perez Harguindeguy N" first="Natalia" last="Pérez-Harguindeguy">Natalia Pérez-Harguindeguy</name><name sortKey="Vendramini, Fernanda" sort="Vendramini, Fernanda" uniqKey="Vendramini F" first="Fernanda" last="Vendramini">Fernanda Vendramini</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pakeman, Robin J" sort="Pakeman, Robin J" uniqKey="Pakeman R" first="Robin J" last="Pakeman">Robin J. Pakeman</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Hodgson, John G" sort="Hodgson, John G" uniqKey="Hodgson J" first="John G" last="Hodgson">John G. Hodgson</name></country><country name="Norvège"><region name="Trøndelag"><name sortKey="Rusch, Graciela M" sort="Rusch, Graciela M" uniqKey="Rusch G" first="Graciela M" last="Rusch">Graciela M. Rusch</name></region></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bakker, Jan P" sort="Bakker, Jan P" uniqKey="Bakker J" first="Jan P" last="Bakker">Jan P. Bakker</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bekker, Renee M" sort="Bekker, Renee M" uniqKey="Bekker R" first="Renée M" last="Bekker">Renée M. Bekker</name></country><country name="République tchèque"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dolezal, Jiri" sort="Dolezal, Jiri" uniqKey="Dolezal J" first="Jiri" last="Dolezal">Jiri Dolezal</name></noRegion></country><country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Eriksson, Ove" sort="Eriksson, Ove" uniqKey="Eriksson O" first="Ove" last="Eriksson">Ove Eriksson</name></noRegion></country><country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Freitas, Helena" sort="Freitas, Helena" uniqKey="Freitas H" first="Helena" last="Freitas">Helena Freitas</name></noRegion></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Golodets, Carly" sort="Golodets, Carly" uniqKey="Golodets C" first="Carly" last="Golodets">Carly Golodets</name></noRegion></country><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kleyer, Michael" sort="Kleyer, Michael" uniqKey="Kleyer M" first="Michael" last="Kleyer">Michael Kleyer</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kunzmann, Dieter" sort="Kunzmann, Dieter" uniqKey="Kunzmann D" first="Dieter" last="Kunzmann">Dieter Kunzmann</name><name sortKey="Kunzmann, Dieter" sort="Kunzmann, Dieter" uniqKey="Kunzmann D" first="Dieter" last="Kunzmann">Dieter Kunzmann</name></country><country name="Grèce"><noRegion><name sortKey="Papanastasis, Vasilios P" sort="Papanastasis, Vasilios P" uniqKey="Papanastasis V" first="Vasilios P" last="Papanastasis">Vasilios P. 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